Best Free Music Creation Software. Introduction. Welcome to Best Free Music Creation Software! If you're looking for some high quality freeware tools to start recording and producing music on your computer, this article will serve as a great starting point. Before you download the software which is recommended in this article, it is very important that you understand the concept of VST (Virtual Studio Technology) plugins. These plugins will be used as add- ons for your music making application, just as you would use additional hardware instruments and effects in your real world studio. Another thing to consider before you jump into your first digital recording session is making sure that your computer is powerful enough to be used as the core of your DAW (Digital Audio Workstation). Almost any multi- core machine with 2 GB of RAM memory or more will be sufficient for your first steps into the world of digital audio production. Finally, make sure that you've installed the proper ASIO drivers for your audio interface. These will ensure that your system will run with minimum latency, making it possible to play virtual instruments in real time. With a little patience and experimentation, pretty much anyone could be making music or beats with these applications in a relatively short space of time. Kids and adults everywhere are learning to play piano more effectively in fun lessons with our virtual teacher. Ideal for beginners, our app gives complete musical. We rank the best midi software with side-by-side comparisons. Read in-depth software reviews and midi articles. Compare features, prices and browse hundreds of. Before you buy any beat making software make sure you read our complete guide to the best music production programs in 2017. We go over all the best ones! ![]() You don't need a doctorate in ST transform and Quantile normalization to make music with any of these superb free apps, so go to it and enjoy. See Also: What Are VST Plugins and ASIO? Rated Products. License: Free. Easy to setup and use. Not really suitable for laptops. Bundled with Open. Candy. Read full review.. Related Products and Links. You might want to check out these articles too. What Are VST Plugins and ASIO? A brief explanation of VST plugins. VST (Virtual Studio Technology) plugins are essentially "mini applications" which are loaded in standalone programs called VST hosts and used to expand the host program's functionality. VST plugin technology was developed by Steinberg for use with their commercial products. However, the technology became so popular that we now have thousands and thousands of different VST plugins and hundreds of applications capable of loading them. It is now possible to build a completely functional virtual music studio for cheap (or even even absolutely free). VST plugins are classified as either effects (by far the most numerous), instruments, or MIDI effects. In this article, we focus on freeware applications which are able to load these plugins, thus making the backbone of your virtual music studio. See the following section for several good sources of quality free VST plugins. A brief explanation of ASIOASIO (Audio Stream Input/Output) is a special kind of audio interface driver protocol which is developed in such a way to ensure minimum latency. This technology was introduced by Steinberg, the same company which developed VST plugin technology. Most professional audio interfaces and sound cards are shipped with a corresponding set of ASIO drivers. In case you're using a generic audio interface, such as the ones which are often integrated on computer motherboards, make sure that you download and install ASIO4. ALL. This universal set of ASIO drivers will ensure that even your low budget sound card will run with minimum latency. VST Plugins and Useful Resources. Good places to find free VST plugins and other useful free tools: Useful resources for music makers. Editor. This software category is maintained by volunteer editor komanderkin. Registered members can contact the editor with any comments or questions they might have by clicking here. Back to the top of the article. Native Instruments - Software And Hardware For Music Production And Djing. Discover the next generation of MASCHINE and KOMPLETE KONTROL hardware.
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Unix / Linux find equivalent in Powershell Find- Child. Item Cmdlet. Find is one of the most often used commands in day to day work life. Unix find command provides lot of features and options that enable users to find files/directories more effectively. In Powershell, we can use Get- Child. Item cmdlet to search for files. But it doesn't give you all the fun. ![]() So I have developed Find- Child. Item Powershell cmdlet which is equivalent to Unix find command. Note: For 6. 4 bit operating system, you will have to use different Install. Util. exe. See below for details. Syntax: Find- Child. Item [- Name < String> ] [- Type < String> ] [- Max. Depth < Int. 32> ] [- Min. Depth < Int. 32> ] [- CMin < String> ][- AMin < String> ] [- WMin < String> ] [- CTime < String> ] [- ATime < String> ] [- WTime < String> ] [- Size < String> ][- Empty] [- Exec < String> ] [- Delete] [- Out. Object] [[- Path] < String> ] [< Common. Parameters> ]Parameter. Description. Name. Accepts . Net regular expression to match File. Name. Typed - directory, f - file. Max. Depth. Descend at most levels (a non- negative integer) levels of directories below the command line arguments. Min. Depth. Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than specified mindepth level (a non- negative integer)CMin. ![]() Registered: TimeIPS Support Portal is now available! Posted by: TimeIPS Staff on Sep 30, 2005 - 09:35 AM TimeIPS News : Welcome to the TimeIPS Support Portal, the. · Find is one of the most often used commands in day to day work life. Unix find command provides lot of features and options that enable users to find files. ![]() One of America’s most famous internet-grown white supremacists, Baked Alaska, has threatened to sue news outlet AJ Plus over a photo of him holding a gun. He says.File was created n minutes ago. CTime. File was created n*2. AMin. File was last accessed n minutes ago. ATime. File was last accessed n*2. WMin. File was last changed/written n minutes ago. WTime. File was last changed/written n*2. Size. File uses n units of space. Empty. File is empty. Exec. Execute Cmdlets in the given argument. Delete. Delete file or directory. Out. Object. Write Objects in output instead of just Directory/File Names. Find- Child. Item Cmdlet Installation Instructions: Extract Find- Child. Item. zip files to C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework\ Directory. Open Powershell with Administrator Privileges. Now, lets install the cmdlet using Install. Util. exe utility which is available as part of Microsoft Windows SDK. For 3. 2 Bit Operating System: C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework\v. 2. Install. Util. exe "C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework\Find- Child. Item. dll"For 6. 4 Bit Operating System: C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework. 64\v. Install. Util. exe "C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework\Find- Child. Item. dll"Type Get- PSSnapin - Registered and press enter. If it displays Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01 Snap. In, then our installation is successful. Now, before we can use Find- Child. Item Cmdlet, we need to add Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01 using Add- PSSnapin Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01. To permanently add the Snapin, Add- PSSnapin Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01 Cmdlet need to be added to Windows Powershell Profile file. See the below window, to get clear picture on Cmdlet Installation on Windows 7 3. Bits. PS C: \Users\Jagadish\> cd "C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework"PS C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework> Get- Child. Item .\Find- Child. Item*Directory: C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework. Mode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 6/8/2. PM 1. 22. 88 Find- Child. Item. dll- a- -- 6/8/2. PM 2. 12. 98 Find- Child. Item. dll- Help. xml. PS C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework> C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework\v. 2. Install. Util. exe .\Find- Child. Item. dll. Microsoft (R) . NET Framework Installation utility Version 2. Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Running a transacted installation.. The Commit phase completed successfully. The transacted install has completed. PS C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework> Get- PSSnapin - Registered. Name : Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. PSVersion : 2. 0. Description : This is Powershell Snap. In that includes Find- Child. Item Cmdlet, developed by Jagadish < http: //windows- powershell- scripts. PS C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework> Add- PSSnapin Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01. PS C: \Windows\Microsoft. NET\Framework> Find- Child. Item G: \Jagadish\Cmdlets. G: \Jagadish\Cmdlets\Test. G: \Jagadish\Cmdlets\Test\1. G: \Jagadish\Cmdlets\Test\1\2. G: \Jagadish\Cmdlets\Test\1\file. If you don't have windows powershell profile file, follow the below steps to create a new one and add "Add- PSSnapin Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01" entry to it. PS C: \Users\Jagadish\Desktop\Find- Child. Item> New- Item $profile - Item. Type file - Force ; Write- Output "Add- PSSnapin Find. Child. Item. PSSnap. In. 01" > $profile. Directory: C: \Users\Jagadish\Documents\Windows. Power. Shell. Mode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 6/8/2. PM 0 Microsoft. Power. Shell_profile. That's it. You added the Add- Snapin entry permanently. Now, Lets have some fun with new Find- Child. Item Cmdlet. List all the files and directories in the current directory. PS G: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item. G: \Jagadish\Test\Docs. G: \Jagadish\Test\Docs\1. Popular_Interview_Questions. G: \Jagadish\Test\Docs\echosend_1. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\VLCG: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\VLC\vlc- 0. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\VLC\vlc_src- 0. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\ethereal- setup- 0. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\Team. Viewer_Setup. exe. G: \Jagadish\Test\Songs. G: \Jagadish\Test\Songs\Green Day. G: \Jagadish\Test\Songs\Green Day\American Idiot- Boulevard Of Broken Dreams. G: \Jagadish\Test\Songs\akon- sorry. G: \Jagadish\Test\msvcp. PS G: \Jagadish\Test> List ". PS G: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Name ".*. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\VLC\vlc- 0. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\ethereal- setup- 0. G: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\Team. Viewer_Setup. exe. PS G: \Jagadish\Test> Search for ". PS G: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Name "\. Exec "Get- Content {} | Measure- Object - Line - Character - Word"Lines Words Characters Property- -- -- - -- -- - -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -1. PS G: \Jagadish\Test> You can use the below command to find Empty files in a directory and its sub directories. PS E: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Empty. E: \Jagadish\Test\Docs\Attachment. E: \Jagadish\Test\Docs\Report. E: \Jagadish\Test\Docs\sample_logs. E: \Jagadish\Test\testing. Use - Out. Object parameter to write file objects to powershell. PS E: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Empty - Out. Object. Directory: Microsoft. Power. Shell. Core\File. System: :E: \Jagadish\Test\Docs. Mode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 8/1. PM 0 Attachment- a- -- 8/1. PM 0 Report. txt- a- -- 8/1. PM 0 sample_logs. Directory: Microsoft. Power. Shell. Core\File. System: :E: \Jagadish\Test. Mode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 8/1. PM 0 testing. Now, If we want to delete all the empty files, we can easily do that with the help of Find- Child. Item cmdlet. Find- Child. Item - Type f - Empty - Delete. PS E: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Empty - Delete. PS E: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Empty - Out. Object. PS E: \Jagadish\Test> Now, list all the files with size greater than 9 MBPS E: \Jagadish\Test> Find- Child. Item - Type f - Size +9. M - Out. Object. Directory: Microsoft. Power. Shell. Core\File. System: :E: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads\VLCMode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 1. PM 9. 45. 15. 15 vlc- 0. PM 8. 15. 10. 40. PM 1. 56. 80. 08. PM 1. 24. 61. 26. Directory: Microsoft. Power. Shell. Core\File. System: :E: \Jagadish\Test\Downloads. Mode Last. Write. Time Length Name- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - - -- -- a- -- 1. PM 1. 13. 48. 76. If you want more details and usage information on this Find- Child. Item Cmdlet, type Get- Help Find- Child. Item - Full in your Powershell. Let me know if you need any other information or if you encounter any bugs/issues with Find- Child. PHP: My. SQL Functions - Manual. Enabling My. SQL with Windows Server 2. IIS 6. 0: Find your php. Using the Windows installer for PHP 5. C: \Windows dir.) I recommend, however, that you don't use the installer - go with full manual install. Set the following in php. E_ALLThis will make sure that you'll see any errors that arise during configuration. MAKE SURE TO CORRECT THESE WHEN YOU ARE DONE PLAYING WITH PHP. INI! Do not leave these settings like this on a production machine. In php. ini set the following: extension_dir = "pathtoextensions (ususally [yourpathtophp]\ext)"extension=php_mysql. The #1 SQL Server community and education site, with articles, news, forums, scripts and FAQs. Long days back I had posted an article Pagination with jQuery, MySQL and PHP with out refreshing page. Ravi Tamada modified old script and added extra features like. In IIS, open Web Service Extensions, click "Add a new Web service extension.."Type- in PHP for the extension name. Under required files: Add [yourpathtophp]\php. Add [yourpathtophp]\php. Click 'Apply' then click 'OK'Create web sites like you normally would, but make sure they have executable permissions, not just script access. Under the "Home Directory" tab, click 'Configuration'. Scroll down the list at the top and see if you can find PHP. If you do, make sure the path to the executable for PHP is correct. If you don't find PHP in the list, click 'Add..', then browse to the correct executable, [yourpathtophp]\php. ![]() Provides the entire ODBC 3.52 API, Drivers, and tools for non windows platforms. Including GUI support for both KDE and GNOME. [Open source, LGPL]. ![]() ![]() OK. In the extension field, enter 'PHP'. Verbs should already be set to 'All verbs', leave it like that. Create a test page with this code: < ? Browse to the page, with firefox preferably ; ), and make sure that you have a My. Sql section with some My. Sql info in there. If not, then your paths are possibly screwed up, or you're still not editing the correct php. Understanding New Column Store Index of SQL Server 2. Database. Journal. Introduction. Column Store Index is a new feature in SQL Server 2. Unlike regular indexes or heaps, which store data in B- Tree structure (in row- wise fashion), the column store index stores data in columnar fashion and uses compression aggressively to reduce the disk I/O needed to serve the query request. This article discusses the new Column Store Index in detail, how it differs from regular indexes, why and how it improves the performance of the same query by several folds if column store index is used, where it can be used and what its limitations are. Understanding Column Store Index in SQL Server 2. We all agree on the fact that hardware speed and capacity has increased from hundreds to thousands times in last 2. I/O(Input/Output) or disk access or data transfer rate has not grown proportionately and is still the slow. The SQL Server team realized this fact and came up with a new column store index type in SQL Server 2. I/O needed to serve the request of the data warehousing queries by storing data in columnar (also called column store) fashion instead of traditional row store (which B- Tree and heap uses). Now wait, you must be wondering how come a different physical layout representation of the same data (storing same data in columnar format instead of traditional row- wise format) can reduce disk I/O significantly and can improve the performance of the data warehousing queries up to 1. Well if you have this question then I am completely with you on this but before I answer this simple but worthwhile question let me first talk about row- store storage vs. The data in B- Tree and heap gets stored in row- wise (also called row- store) fashion, which means data from all the columns of a row are stored together contiguously on the same page. For example consider a table with ten columns (C1 to C1. When we create column store index, the data is stored in columnar (also called column- store index) fashion, which means data of each individual column from each rows is stored together on same page. For example if you look at the image below, the data of column C1 of all the rows (or as much as can fit on a page) gets stored together on one page whereas the data for column C2 of the all the rows (or as much as can fit on a page) gets stored on another page and so on. How Column Store Improves the Performance of the Query. Now coming back to the question we raised in last section; how come a different physical layout representation of the same data (storing same data in columnar format instead of traditional row- wise format) can reduce disk I/O significantly and can improve the performance of the query up to 1. Well there are basically two main reasons for this performance improvement with respect to data storage, apart from the new batch mode processing (Query Optimizer and Query Execution engine has been enhanced to use batch mode processing for column store index, which in turns uses a new iterator model for processing data a batch at a time instead of a row at a time, which is optimized for multicore CPUs and increased memory throughput of modern hardware architecture). The first one lets you pull only data requested from disk to memory, thus reducing disk I/O and the second one lets you use compression significantly so that the same data is stored on fewer pages and hence less disk I/O. In addition, a larger fraction of the data can reside in a given size of memory. Minimizing disk I/O can significantly speed up query response time by retaining more of your working set of data in memory, which will eventually speed up response time for subsequent queries that access the same data (improves buffer cache hit ratio). Transfer Only Needed Data from the Disk to Memory to CPULet's consider a query (SELECT C1, C2, C3 FROM T1) from the table in the above image; if data is stored in the row- store all the disk pages will be brought into memory but as these disk pages also contain data of other columns (C4- C1. It means we are bringing the data into memory, which we actually don't require for this query. Now let's take the same query when the data is stored in column- store index, in this case all disk pages will not be brought into memory as these pages contain data for individual columns only, pages which contain data for columns C1, C2 and C3 will be brought into the memory. That means we are bringing only data (C1, C2 and C3), which is actually required to serve the request and not the data of other columns like C4- C1. This way, the number of pages that are transferred from disk to memory is significantly less. This is a very simple example; consider a data warehouse fact table with dozens of columns but only a few of them (1. I/O overhead can be significantly reduced if the column store index is used. Aggressively Using Compression to Reduce the Amount of Storage Space Needed to Store the Same Set of Data. The column- store index groups and stores data from each column on its own page separately, which means a page will either contain data of C1 or C2 or C3 and so on unlike row store index where data of all the columns (C1 to C1. As data gets stored from a single column on a page and a column is more likely to have repeating data values (more data redundancy) than a complete row, the page can be compressed to a greater extent. For example, consider a column called City in a table, now with column store index the page contains data of City column only and the chance to contain many occurrences of a city called “New York” (more data redundancy) is greater than the row store index page, which contains data of all the columns (Name, Address, City, Country, Zip etc.). Storage of all the columns on a single page reduces repetitions and ultimately the compression ratio, unlike a page of column store index, which has higher redundancy and greater compression ratio. As per a performance improvement study done by Microsoft on a 3. GB of RAM on a table with 1 TB of data and 1. X speed- up in CPU time and a whopping 4. X improvement in elapsed time. In real terms it means a query that took 5. When to Use Column Store Index. Column store index has been designed to substantially accelerate common data warehouse queries, which require scanning, aggregation and filtering of large amounts of data or joining multiple tables like a star schema. With column store index, you can get interactive response time for queries against billions of rows on an economical SMP server with enough RAM to hold your frequently accessed data. Creating a columnstore index is a parallel operation, subject to the limitations on the number of CPUs available and any restrictions set on MAXDOP setting. You can have both row store index and column store index on the same table. As I said before, the Query Optimizer will decide when to use the column store index and when to use other types of indexes. The Query Optimizer will also choose when to use the new batch execution mode and when to use row execution mode during usage of column store index. Column store index might not be suited for OLTP load for the following reasons and you might continue using row store indexes in those scenarios: Creating a column store index makes a table read- only table and update is not easy whereas updating data is simpler in row store indexes. Column store index might not be the ideal choice for selective queries, which touch only one (or a few) rows or queries that lookup a single row or a small range of rows. In this scenario, row store index will perform better. Limitations of Using Column Store Index. We can create only one non- clustered column store index on a table although we can include all the columns of the table in the single index (recommended too). When we create a column store index it makes the table read only; hence it's not suited for OLTP load where updates are high but it can be used in data warehouse fact tables or on dimension tables (if it contains millions of records) where the number of columns are really big and in a normal query only 1. To update or load the data in a table with column store index, you can switch in a partition, or disable/drop the columnstore index, update/load the data in table, and rebuild the column store index. Creating a column store index might take slightly longer than creating clustered row store index on the same set of data, as extra CPU cycles are required for compression and all. Linux Mint - Wikipedia. Linux Mint is a community- driven Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu that strives to be a "modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use."[5] Linux Mint provides full out- of- the- box multimedia support by including some proprietary software and comes bundled with a variety of free and open- source applications.[6][7]The project was conceived by Clément Lefèbvre and is being actively developed by the Linux Mint Team and community.[8]History[edit]Linux Mint started in 2. Linux Mint 1. 0, code- named "Ada",[9] based on Kubuntu. Following its release, Linux Mint 2. Barbara" was the first version to use Ubuntu as its codebase. Linux Mint had few users from these early versions until the release of Linux Mint 3. Cassandra."[1. 0][1. ![]() Linux Mint 2. 0 was based on Ubuntu 6. From there, Linux Mint followed its own codebase, building each release from its previous one, but continued to use the package repositories from the latest Ubuntu release. This resulted in making the base between the two systems almost identical, guaranteeing full compatibility between the two distributions rather than having Mint become a fork. In 2. 00. 8, Linux Mint adopted the same release cycle as Ubuntu and dropped its minor version number before releasing version 5 "Elyssa." The same year, in an effort to increase the compatibility between the two systems, Linux Mint decided to abandon its code- base and changed the way it built its releases. Starting with Linux Mint 6 "Felicia," each release was now completely based on the latest Ubuntu release, built directly from it, and timed for approximately one month after the corresponding Ubuntu release, usually in May or November. In 2. 01. 0, Linux Mint released Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE). Unlike the other Ubuntu- based editions (Ubuntu Mint), LMDE was originally a rolling release based directly on Debian and was not tied to Ubuntu packages or its release schedule.[1. It was announced on May 2. Linux Mint team would no longer support the original rolling release version of LMDE after January 1, 2. LMDE 2 "Betsy," the current release of LMDE, is a long term support release based on Debian Jessie.[1. When LMDE 2 was released it was announced that all LMDE users would be automatically upgraded to new versions of Mint. Tools software and new Desktop Environments before they were released into the main edition of Linux Mint.[1. On 2. 0 February 2. Linux Mint website was breached by unknown hackers, who briefly replaced download links for a version of Linux Mint with a modified version that contained malware. The hackers also breached the database of the website's user forum.[1. How to Use Linux. Most desktop computers run some version of Microsoft Windows, but most servers and a growing number of desktop computers run on Linux kernels, which.Are you a coder or white-hat hacker looking to make some money on the side? Bug bounty hunting might be the perfect gig for you. ![]() After the attack Linux Mint was severely criticized as being a distribution that, unlike many others at the time, "just worked" and became popular with non- technical users, but at the expense of security, with some security updates to the underlying Ubuntu or Debian blacklisted from running due to compatibility issues.[1. Releases[edit]Every version of Linux Mint is given a version number and, until the 1. The 1. 8. x series broke from the pattern with version 1. Sarah".[2. 0]Initially, there were two Linux Mint releases per year. Following the release of Linux Mint 5 in 2. LTS) version,[citation needed] indicating that it was supported (with updates) for longer than traditional releases. Versions 5 and 9 had three years of support, and all LTS versions following received five years of support.[citation needed]On May 3. Kali Linux یک توزیع لینوکس برای انجام تستهای امنیت و هک میباشد. این توزیع توسط تیم سازندهٔ بک. ![]() Linux Mint 1. 7,[2. Linux Mint team adopted a new release strategy. Starting with the release of Mint 1. LTS version of Ubuntu as a base, until 2. Under this strategy, Mint 1. November 2. 9, 2. Mint 1. 7. 2 was released on June 3. Mint 1. 7. 3 was released on December 4, 2. The 1. 7. x releases are intended to be an easy, optional upgrade.[2. All three versions included upgrades to the Cinnamon and MATE Desktop Environments and various Mint tools. In addition, Mint 1. Libre. Office suite.[2. The 1. 8. x series follows the pattern set by the 1. Ubuntu 1. 6. 0. 4 LTS as a base.[2. Linux Mint does not communicate specific release dates as new versions are published "when ready," meaning that they can be released early when the distribution is ahead of schedule or late when critical bugs are found.[2. New releases are announced, with much other material, on the Linux Mint blog.[3. Reviews of Linux Mint 1. Sarah, have been somewhat mixed, with several that were quite favorable[3. Multimedia codecs, that were previously in the standard Mint distribution, were no longer included in Sarah, but could be loaded with a graphical application that one Ars Technica reviewer said should be obvious for new users.[3. Features[edit]Linux Mint primarily uses free and open- source software, making exceptions for some proprietary software, such as plug- ins and codecs that provide Adobe Flash, MP3, and DVD playback.[3. Linux Mint's inclusion of proprietary software is unusual; many Linux distributions do not include proprietary software by default, as a common goal for some Linux distributions is to adhere to the model of free and open- source software. Linux Mint comes with a wide range of software installed that includes Libre. Office, Firefox, Thunderbird, Hex. Chat, Pidgin, Transmission, VLC media player and GIMP. Additional software that is not installed by default can be downloaded using the package manager. Linux Mint allows networking ports to be closed using its firewall, with customized port selection available. The default Linux Mint desktop environments, MATE and Cinnamon, support many languages.[4. Linux Mint can also run many programs designed for Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft Office), using the Wine Windows compatibility layer software for Linux, or virtualization software, including VMware Workstation and Virtual. Box, or KVM (Kernel based Virtual Machine, built into the Linux kernel) hypervisor using Virtual Machine Manager. Linux Mint is available with a number of desktop environments to choose from, including the default Cinnamon desktop, MATE, KDE, and Xfce. Other desktop environments can be installed via APT, Synaptic, or via the custom Mint Software Manager. Linux Mint actively develops software for its operating system. Most of the development is done in Python and the source code is available on Git. Hub.[4. 2]Software by Linux Mint[edit]. The new interface for mint. Update, Linux Mint's Update tool. The Linux Mint Software Manager allows users to view and install programs from the Software Portal directly from their desktop. A fork of GNOME Shell based on the innovations made in Mint Gnome Shell Extensions (MGSE). Released as an add- on for Linux Mint 1. Linux Mint 1. 3.[4. Mint. Tools[edit]Software Manager (mint. Install): Runs . mint files, which are files containing instructions to install packages. From Linux Mint 6 this tool can download information on all the applications on the Mint Software Portal for offline viewing. Also enables installation of any of the programs listed directly from the desktop, instead of going to the site. The option to use the old mint. Install program is available; from the Ubuntu Repositories or the Get. Deb. net website may be searched. Update Manager (mint. Update): Designed to prevent inexperienced users from installing updates that are unnecessary or require a certain level of knowledge to configure properly. It assigns updates a safety level (from 1 to 5), based on the stability and necessity of the update. Updates can be set to notify users (as is normal), be listed but not notify, or be hidden by default. In addition to including updates specifically for the Linux Mint distribution, the development team tests all package- wide updates. Main Menu (mint. Menu): A menu of options including filtering, installation and removal of software, system and places links, favorites, session management, editable items, custom places and many configuration options. Also ported to MATE in Linux Mint 1. Lisa).[4. 4]Backup tool (mint. Backup): Enables the user to back up and restore data. Data can be backed up before a fresh install of a newer release, then restored. Upload Manager (mint. Upload): Defines upload services for FTP, SFTP and SCP servers. Services are then available in the system tray and provide zones where they may be automatically uploaded to their corresponding destinations. Domain Blocker (mint. Nanny): A basic domain blocking parental control tool introduced with v. Mods - Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. Sep 7 2. 01. 6TBD First Person Shooter pezbot cod. Contact Treyarch Customer Service. Find Treyarch Customer Support, Phone Number, Email Address, Customer Care Returns Fax, 800 Number, Chat and Treyarch FAQ. Speak.
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The Best Granola Recipe - David Lebovitz. I never planned to write about this granola, since both Molly and Cenk did excellent adaptations. Because they are probably sick of me clicking on their sites, I finally jotted it down on a scrap of paper. And since that scrap of paper gets pulled out of my files at least once every other week, I thought that it was simply too good to keep buried away under my piles of paperwork and I’d share it here. Although I haven’t tried the thousands of variations of granola floating around (and in Why Stealing is Wrong?, I got my comeuppance for trying to pilfer another one), this is what the French would call le top du top—the best of the best.(I don’t know what they call “comeuppance” in French, but I seem to get mine frequently around here. Like the other day, when I was feeling cocky because I finally managed to extricate myself from my nefarious cable company and went to the France Telecom office to see if I could finally get one of those fancy i. Phones like absolutely everyone else has. C’est pas possible, monsieur”, I keep hearing, even after I reason to them that I want to switch to a much more expensive plan, giving them more money, and let them sell me a pricey new phone. They say it may be possible, peut être, sometime in 2. But I ain’t gonna garde mon souffle…)The first time I made it, I was surprised that it called for applesauce, which stands in place of the cupful of oil that often gets added to granola. I don’t have anything against oil, but the fruit puree makes a granola that’s extra crispy- crunchy, and I pick out the big chunks of granola off the baking sheet as soon as they’re cool and eat them like candy. Heck, sometimes I stick a big spoon in the jar and eat it straight from the container. I sometimes do that with orange juice, reasoning that it’s more ecological since I’m saving washing a glass. I do, however, draw the line at drinking wine out of the bottle. I’m not a total rube, although I suppose that would make more sense as well, using my logic.)As the seasons passed, I found that I could use other unsweetened fruit purees instead of the compote de pommes (unsweetened applesauce) that the original recipe by Nigella Lawson calls for. Peach, nectarine, pear, and banana puree have all been successfully stirred into the mélange. I use a multi- grain mix which I buy at the health food store, called flacons 5 céréales, which looks similar to old- fashioned rolled oats but contains wheat, oats, rye, rice, and barley. You can use regular rolled oats, but I think the mix makes it a bit more lively. Nuts are among the healthiest foods you can eat. They have various impressive health benefits and can even help you lose weight. ![]() ![]() Learn how to cook beans from scratch! We'll show you how to shop for your beans, prep-n-soaking tips, cooking techniques and flavor matches.I’ve used toasted and untoasted; both work fine. Or course, you can replace the almonds with walnuts, hazelnuts, pecans, or cashews. Les noix de pecan have become a bit trendy in Paris recently and I used to buy them, though you have to be careful since they’re often quite expensive and not as fresh as one might hope. The last bag I’d left on my baking shelf for a couple of months. And when I went to retrieve it, well…let’s just say those little pricey fellas could have used a shave and I almost cried tossing them out, literally. So I stocked up on a recent trip to the states in one of those membership- only stores that I crashed with my friend, where we also had griddled wieners with all the fixin’s for just $1. Which, interestingly, is more than a big, buttery croissant, but less than a tiny cup of coffee here.) And if you can’t find rice syrup, which is available in natural foods stores and Korean markets, replace it with maple syrup, Golden syrup, agave, or simply more honey. How I managed to combine hot dogs and granola in one post, I’ll never know. But enough of what this granola is not. What it is, is perfection. It gets nicely and clumpy, but not so much that you feel like you’re munching on a gravel pit. It’s also low in oil and barely sweet. I can’t resist nibbling on the big pieces the moment I pull it out of the oven. But really, it’s best to let it cool, when it becomes crispy and crunchy, like the top granola should be. And this is it. Granola. Makes about 2 pounds (1kg)Adapted from Feast, by Nigella Lawson. I’ve made this with one tablespoon of plum kernel oil filling in for a tablespoon of the oil called, and let me tell you, it’s amazing. I don’t know where to get that in the states, but hazelnut or walnut oil, which are both easily available, would be terrific, too. Preheat the oven to 3. F (1. 50. C). 1. In a very large bowl, mix together the flaked grains or oats, almonds, sunflower and sesame seeds, brown sugar, cinnamon, ginger, and salt. In a small saucepan, warm the fruit puree with the rice syrup, honey, and oil. Mix the fruit mixture into the dry ingredients until thoroughly dispersed, then divide and spread the mixture evenly on two baking sheets. If you have ones with sides, often called jelly- roll pans, use them.)4. Bake the granola for about 4. Remove from oven, then cool completely. Store the granola in a large, airtight container. It will keep for up to one month. Related Posts. Plum Kernel Oil Ice Cream. Ingredients for American Baking in Paris. When to Use (and Not Use) Corn Syrup. White Chocolate & Sour Cherry Scones. Peanut Butter Cookies with Salted Butter Caramel. Eclipse- Watching Towns Are Going to Be Absolutely Slammed. The solar eclipse is rapidly approaching and, for the towns that happen to be in the narrow 7. For some towns this astronomical occurrence will be immensely profitable. As Brooke Jung, the full- time eclipse marketing and events consultant in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, told Fast Company “It’s essentially like hosting the Super Bowl without having to build a stadium.” That sounds very exciting, but for small cities that aren’t used to hosting major sporting events, hosting that many people may put a strain on both infrastructure and resources. If you’re planning on traveling to one of these viewing locations, there are a few concerns you should be aware of: Traffic is going to be bad: According to Citylab, gridlocks are expected for several days before and after the eclipse, and getting in and out of the towns could feel like a major evacuation. EMS, fire fighters, and police may be slower to respond than usual: Though some cities are pulling in additional personnel and positioning them in key positions ahead of traffic, it’s still possible that emergency responders could get locked in and slowed down. So, if you are planning on making a trek out to one of the prime eclipse viewing locations (or just live near one), make sure you give yourself plenty of time, drive carefully, and be aware of potential strains on infrastructure. Or you could just stay home and watch a livestream. That’s what I’ll be doing. The Darker Side of This Summer’s Total Solar Eclipse | Citylab. This Treat Camera Gave My Cat Trust Issues. My cat, Artemis, is a bustling career woman. She has many jobs that she juggles between stealing my hair ties and spilling her kibble; in addition to serving as the Mayor of Fluffingsville, she runs a network of freelancers as Editor- in- Chief of Catmodo. Since both of us are busy most of the day at our respective places of work, we forget to check in on each other. Thankfully, Petcube’s newest gadget, Petcube Bites, lets humans check in on their furry companions when they’re apart. ![]() Top VIdeos. Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /srv/users/serverpilot/apps/jujaitaly/public/index.php on line 447. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. One of the several brave robots to make one-way trips into Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant’s severely damaged reactors has accomplished what its less. It also lets us fling treats at them on command which is both heartwarming and mildly horrifying. What is it? A super smart pet camera that doubles as a treat dispenser. No Like. It traumatized my cat. The Petcube Bites looks like a shrunken down, shinier version of the monolith from 2. A Space Odyssey, the main difference being that the aforementioned totem did not hold up to two pounds of treats. You’ll have to load up the device with your pet’s favorite snacks in order for the magic to happen—Petcube recommends treats about an inch big. Since Artemis is but a wee kitty, her treats were a little smaller than the recommended size, which proved to be (mostly) okay. There was also an unusual aspect to the setup, wherein the Petcube mysteriously didn’t work for three days. One day it randomly started working—but I attribute that to my shitty Wi- Fi more than to the Petcube. If you too have crummy Wi- Fi maybe invest in a new router before investing in a treat dispensing pet camera. After downloading the Petcube app, you can link your phone up to the monolith, accessing the device’s camera. The Petcube senses motion in front of it, which lets you see what your animal’s up to but also takes weird videos of your feet if you step in front of it. Seeing your cat or doggo’s adoring face through the app is definitely heartwarming, but fair warning: watch your goddamn feet so weird photos don’t end up on some dark corner of the internet. Not that Petcube is going to sell pictures of your feet or anything (the images are in the app on your phone), but you can never be too careful these days. While the app saves your videos automatically, the quality isn’t great. Don’t expect Nat Geo- worthy screenshots. In truth, Petcube’s app isn’t bad, but it’s also not great. There are some issues with scrolling, making it difficult to see the most recent video of your floof. But the app does let you select the distance at which you can fling the treats, which extends up to six feet in range. After loading the treats into the Petcube, my boyfriend and I selected a short- range toss for the treats, which makes sense because I live in a small apartment in New York City. Just load the treats, they said. It’ll be fun, they said. But oh, dear reader, how wrong I was. The Petcube shot out Artemis’ treats precariously and with abandon, like a frat boy throwing his drink at a guy who wore the same Vineyard Vines zip up as him. The whole thing was like a cannon of delicious nightmares—needless to say, my cat was horrified. Make no mistake, she still ate the treats—but after the incident, she pretty much veered away from the machine. I was able to catch it all on video but filmed it vertically like a jabroni. I’m sorry. Overall, Petcube Bites is fine. Despite bad camera quality and an okay app it does what it’s supposed to do and it’s kind of cute. I’m not sure I’d pay $2. ![]() Sunday. Artemis couldn’t be reached for comment on the ordeal. READMEPetcube Bites is good if you live in a place bigger than mine, which is approximately the size of a hermit crab’s shell. Your pet may or may not appreciate it as much as you do. Your pet may never forgive you for this indignation. 1.- Introducción. La psiquiatría como ciencia reconoce los aportes de la Psicología, que deben ser tomados en cuenta a la hora de comprender e intervenir en algún. Foreign Exchange Option. Money Management. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre- agreed exchange rate on a specified date.[1] See Foreign exchange derivative. The foreign exchange options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind. Most trading is over the counter (OTC) and is lightly regulated, but a fraction is traded on exchanges like the International Securities Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for options on futures contracts. Usage Statistics for www.gofishing.ru рЕТЙПД УФБФЙУФЙЛЙ: бРТЕМШ 2014 - уУЩМБАЭБСУС УФТБОЙГБ дБФБ УПЪДБОЙС 01-May. Usage Statistics for communitygaze.com Summary Period: June 2017 - Search String Generated 01-Jul-2017 02:11 PDT. The global market for exchange- traded currency options was notionally valued by the Bank for International Settlements at $1. For example, a GBPUSD contract could give the owner the right to sell ? December 3. 1. In this case the pre- agreed exchange rate, or strike price, is 2. USD per GBP (or GBP/USD 2. This type of contract is both a call on dollars and a put on sterling, and is typically called a GBPUSD put, as it is a put on the exchange rate; although it could equally be called a USDGBP call. If the rate is lower than 2. December 3. 1 (say 1. GBP at 2. 0. 00. 0 and immediately buy it back in the spot market at 1. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the. GBPUSD ? 1. 9. 00. GBPUSD) ? 1,0. 00,0. GBP = 1. 00,0. 00 USD in the process. If instead they take the profit in GBP (by selling the USD on the spot market) this amounts to 1. GBP. Although FX options are more widely used today than ever before, few multinationals act as if they truly understand when and why these instruments can add to shareholder value. To the contrary, much of the time corporates seem to use FX options to paper over accounting problems, or to disguise the true cost of speculative positioning, or sometimes to solve internal control problems. The standard clich? Options are typically portrayed as a form of financial insurance, no less useful than property and casualty insurance. This glossy rationale masks the reality: if it is insurance then a currency option is akin to buying theft insurance to protect against flood risk. The truth is that the range of truly non- speculative uses for currency options, arising from the normal operations of a company, is quite small. In reality currency options do provide excellent vehicles for corporates' speculative positioning in the guise of hedging. Corporates would go better if they didn't believe the disguise was real. Let's start with six of the most common myths about the benefits of FX options to the international corporation - - myths that damage shareholder values. Historically, the currency derivative pricing literature and the macroeconomics literature on FX determination have progressed separately. In this Chapter I argue the joint study of these two strands of literature and give an overview of FX option pricing concepts and terminology crucial for this interdisciplinary study. I also explain the three sources of information about market expectations and perception of risk that can be extracted from FX option prices and review empirical methods for extracting option- implied densities of future exchange rates. As an illustration, I conclude the Chapter by investigating time series dynamics of option- implied measures of FX risk vis- a- vis market events and US government policy actions during the period January 2. December 2. 00. 8. Chapter 2: This Chapter proposes using foreign exchange (FX) options with different strike prices and maturities to capture both FX expectations and risks. We show that exchange rate movements, which are notoriously difficult to model empirically, are well- explained by the term structures of forward premia and options- based measures of FX expectations and risk. Although this finding is to be expected, expectations and risk have been largely ignored in empirical exchange rate modeling. Using daily options data for six major currency pairs, we first show that the cross section options- implied standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis consistently explain not only the conditional mean but also the entire conditional distribution of subsequent currency excess returns for horizons ranging from one week to twelve months. At June 3. 0 and September 3. Note, however, that the notional amount of Ridgeway's hedging instrument was only ? Therefore, subsequent to the increase in the value of the pound (which is assumed to have occurred on June 3. Ridgeway's foreign currency exchange risk was not hedged. For the three- month period ending September 3. Of that amount, only $5. The difference between those amounts ($2,5. At June 3. 0, the additional ? U. S. dollar fair value of $4. At September 3. 0, using the spot rate of 0. Ridge way will exclude from its assessment of hedge effectiveness the portion of the fair value of the put option attributable to time value. That is, Ridgeway will recognize changes in that portion of the put option's fair value in earnings but will not consider those changes to represent ineffectiveness. Aitan Goelman, the CFTC’s Director of Enforcement, stated: “The setting of a benchmark rate is not simply another opportunity for banks to earn a profit. Countless individuals and companies around the world rely on these rates to settle financial contracts, and this reliance is premised on faith in the fundamental integrity of these benchmarks. The market only works if people have confidence that the process of setting these benchmarks is fair, not corrupted by manipulation by some of the biggest banks in the world.”. The Commission finalized rules to implement the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act regarding Regulation of Off- Exchange Retail Foreign Exchange Transactions and Intermediaries. The Commission also finalized Conforming Changes to existing Retail Foreign Exchange Regulations in response to the Dodd- Frank Act. Additional information regarding these final rules is provided below, including rules, factsheets, and details of meetings held between CFTC Staff and outside parties. Generally, retail customers are: (1) individuals with less than $1. The enumerated counterparties who may lawfully conduct off- exchange foreign currency trading with retail customers are regulated financial entities. These include, among others, FCMs and affiliates of FCMs. FCMs and their affiliates that are not also regulated as one of the other enumerated financial entities, remain subject to the Commission's anti- fraud jurisdiction with respect to foreign currency transactions. This paper joins the vast literature on the forward premium puzzle by relating exchange rate returns to the stock and currency variance premiums measured as the option- implied variance minus the expected or realized variance of stock and currency returns respectively. First, we empirically show that the foreign exchange (forex) variance risk is indeed priced in forex markets- -the currency variance risk premium is a useful predictor of the exchange rate return, especially at a medium 6- month horizon. Then, we document a finding that the stock variance risk premium can also predict the exchange rate return at a short 1- month horizon. Thus, currency and stock variance risk premiums seem to contain differential information content for the exchange rate return. This is confirmed by the fact that stock and currency variance premiums are poorly correlated with each other and by the evidence that the currency variance premium is not a useful predictor for local stock market returns. As required by the Commodity Exchange Act, the rule includes requirements for conducting retail forex transactions with respect to disclosure, recordkeeping, capital and margin, reporting, business conduct, and documentation. The requirements are similar to a recently enacted Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) rule governing retail forex transactions by CFTC registrants. The final rule was published in the Federal Register on July 1. The final rule is effective on July 1. National banks that were engaged in a retail forex business prior to July 1. August 1. 4, 2. 01. Currency Option Definition | Investopedia. What is a 'Currency Option' A currency option is a contract that grants the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specified currency at a .. Foreign exchange option - Wikipedia. Foreign_exchange_option. ![]() Just Look At Some Pictures Of Alpines Testing In The Andes. We’ve been pining over the lithe and lovely Alpine A1. States, United. The Alpine isn’t expected to start being delivered until 2. Andes. According to our Alpine- spotter, the cars were in Argentina, behind a restaurant off of Route 7, a road that goes from Buenos Aires to Santiago, Chile. He said he thought the cars had been in that area for over a week. I guess this is likely some sort of high- altitude testing of some sort? Man, I’m really taken by these things. Renault really needs to rethink why they’re depriving us Americans of these. Can I complain to the United Nations, or something? There was a time when if someone said “Bentley” to me, an image of an old man smoking a cigar behind the wheel a big rolling box would come to mind. This, to me. Ever notice how Christopher Nolan’s movies (Interstellar, Inception, The Prestige) feel like an anxiety attack? Well, maybe that’s overstating things a bit. But. We’ve been pining over the lithe and lovely Alpine A110 for a while now, even though we know damn well we’re never going to get it here in these States, United. ![]() One video highlighted by the paper features Amir Tataloo, a musician with a “hard-partying, gangster-style reputation,” who extolled “our absolute right / to.![]() · Hi, recently moved into a bungalow and found that theres no earth bonding to the metal sink and hot/cold pipes in the kitchen. I want to run in a new earth cable so.Residual- current device - Wikipedia. A residual- current device (RCD), or residual- current circuit breaker (RCCB), is a device that instantly breaks an electric circuit to prevent serious harm from an ongoing electric shock. Injury may still occur in some cases, for example if a human falls after receiving a shock. In the United States and Canada, the device is more commonly known as a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), ground fault interrupter (GFI) or an appliance leakage current interrupter (ALCI). In the United Kingdom, these are better known by their initials RCD, and a combined RCD+MCB (miniature circuit breaker) is known as a RCBO (residual- current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection). In Australia, they are sometimes known as safety switches or an RCD.
An earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) may be a residual- current device, although an older type of voltage- operated earth leakage circuit breaker also exists. These electrical wiring devices are designed to quickly and automatically disconnect a circuit when it detects that the electric current is not balanced between the energized (line) conductor(s) and the return (neutral) conductor. ![]() Under normal circumstances, these two wires are expected to carry matching currents, and any difference can indicate a short circuit or other electrical anomaly is present, such as leakage. Leakage can indicate a shock hazard (or shock in progress) which is a potential danger to a person. Current leakage can result in harm or death due to electric shock, especially if the leaking electric current passes through the torso of a human. A current of around 3. A (0. 0. 30 amperes) is potentially sufficient to cause cardiac arrest or serious harm if it persists for more than a small fraction of a second. RCDs are designed to disconnect the conducting wires quickly enough to prevent serious injury from such shocks, commonly described as the RCD being "tripped". An RCD does not provide protection against unexpected or dangerously high current (called spikes or surges) when current is in the usual wires in the circuit, therefore it cannot replace a fuse or protect against overheating or fire risk due to overcurrent (overload) or short circuits if the fault does not lead to current leakage. Therefore, RCDs are often used or integrated as a single product along with some kind of circuit breaker, such as a fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB), which adds protection in the event of excessive current in the circuit (the resulting RCD with overcurrent protection called an RCBO). RCDs also cannot detect the situation where a human accidentally touches both conductors at the same time, since the current through an expected device, an unexpected route, or a human, are indistinguishable if the current returns through the expected conductor. RCDs are usually testable and resettable devices. Commonly they include a button that when pressed, safely creates a small leakage condition, and a switch that reconnects the conductors when a fault condition has been cleared. Depending upon their design, some RCDs disconnect both the energized and return conductors upon a fault, while others only disconnect the energized conductor and rely upon the return conductor being at ground (earth) potential. The former are commonly known as "double- pole" designs; the latter as "single- pole" designs. If the fault has left the return wire "floating" or not at its expected ground potential for any reason, then a single- pole RCD will leave this conductor still connected to the circuit when it detects the fault. A two- pole, or double- pole, residual- current device. A residual-current device (RCD), or residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB), is a device that instantly breaks an electric circuit to prevent serious harm from an. The test button and connect/disconnect switch are colored blue. A fault will trigger the switch to its down (off) position, which in this device would disconnect both conductors. Log- log graph of the effect of alternating current I of duration T passing from left hand to feet as defined in IEC publication 6. Electromagnet with help electronics. Current transformer secondary winding. Transformer core. Test push- button. L: Line conductor. N: Neutral conductor. Purpose and operation[edit]RCDs are designed to disconnect the circuit if there is a leakage current. By detecting small leakage currents (typically 5–3. A) and disconnecting quickly enough (< 3. They are an essential part of the automatic disconnection of supply (ADS), i. There are also RCDs with intentionally slower responses and lower sensitivities, designed to protect equipment or avoid starting electrical fires, but not disconnect unnecessarily the equipment with greater leakage currents in normal operation. To prevent electrocution, RCDs should operate within 2. A, before electric shock can drive the heart into ventricular fibrillation, the most common cause of death through electric shock. By contrast, conventional circuit breakers or fuses only break the circuit when the total current is excessive (which may be thousands of times the leakage current an RCD responds to). A small leakage current, such as through a person, can be a very serious fault, but would probably not increase the total current enough for a fuse or circuit breaker to break the circuit, and certainly not do so fast enough to save a life. RCDs operate by measuring the current balance between two conductors using a differential current transformer. This measures the difference between current flowing through the live conductor and that returning through the neutral conductor. If these do not sum to zero, there is a leakage of current to somewhere else (to earth/ground or to another circuit), and the device will open its contacts. Operation does not require a fault current to return through the earth wire in the installation; the trip will operate just as well if the return path is through plumbing, contact with the ground or any other current path. Automatic disconnection and a measure of shock protection is therefore still provided even if the earth wiring of the installation is damaged or incomplete. Residual- current detection is complementary to over- current detection. Residual- current detection cannot provide protection for overload or short- circuit currents, except for the special case of a short circuit from live to ground (not live to neutral). For a RCD used with three- phase power, all three live conductors and the neutral (if fitted) must pass through the current transformer. Application[edit]A ground fault circuit interrupter circuit breaker (GFCI breaker in USA and Canada) and residual- current breaker with overload (RCBO in Europe) are devices that combine the functions of a residual- current device with a circuit breaker. They detect both supply imbalance and overload current. In Europe, RCDs can fit on the same DIN rail as the MCBs, however the busbar arrangements in consumer units and distribution boards can make it awkward to use them in this way. If it is desired to protect an individual circuit, an RCBO (residual- current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection) can be used. This incorporates an RCD and a miniature circuit breaker in one device. Electrical plugs with incorporated RCD are sometimes installed on appliances that might be considered to pose a particular safety hazard, for example long extension leads, which might be used outdoors, or garden equipment or hair dryers, which may be used near a bath or sink. Occasionally an in- line RCD may be used to serve a similar function to one in a plug. By putting the RCD in the extension lead, protection is provided at whatever outlet is used even if the building has old wiring, such as knob and tube, or wiring that does not contain a grounding conductor. In North America, GFI receptacles can be used in cases where there is no grounding conductor, but they must be labeled as "ungrounded". An ungrounded GFI receptacle will trip using the built- in "test" button, but will not trip using a GFI test plug, because the plug tests by shorting a small current from line to the non- existent ground. Electrical sockets with included RCDs are becoming common. Typical design[edit]Internal mechanism of RCD. Opened 3- phase residual- current device. The diagram depicts the internal mechanism of a residual- current device (RCD). The device is designed to be wired in- line in an appliance power cord. It is rated to carry a maximal current of 1. A and is designed to trip on a leakage current of 3. |
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